The Myelocyte
I name the parent and the child before anything else. Parent: the promyelocyte. Child: the metamyelocyte. Every claim below carries its source.
myelo.site
The myelocyte and the marrow: everything the literature knows.
Building the model…
Before we go anywhere, here is the tree. Every cell you ask about has a parent and a child. I will name both before I say anything else. What line are we tracing today?
The myelocyte sits at the center of the granulocytic maturation series, with the promyelocyte as parent and the metamyelocyte as child. What defines it is the appearance of secondary granules: smaller and paler than the primary set, packed with lactoferrin and collagenase, budding from the trans-Golgi throughout this stage. Primary granules were sealed in the stage before; the Golgi here builds the new population. This is also the last stage capable of division by textbook consensus, though a 2026 in situ labeling study disputes that claim (van Grinsven E, Tak T, Hassani M, Staveren SV, Bongers S, Bekkers J et al. Human precursor labeling in situ reveals a conveyor belt differentiation trajectory and a 6-day neutrophil life span. Blood. 2026. PMID: 42485667). After the final division the nucleus begins to indent, the cell becomes a metamyelocyte, and the road to the mature neutrophil is set.
Publications
All Publications → Granulocyte differentiation arrest in HAX1-deficient cells, demonstrated in a new in vitro model of Kostmann disease, is caused by ineffective lipid droplet autophagy and fatty acids uptake
HAX1 deficiency blocks granulopoiesis at the promyelocyte-to-myelocyte transition by impairing lipid droplet autophagy and fatty acid uptake; in vitro Kostmann disease model. PMID 42086536 verified.
Upregulation of GnT-IVa and Its Critical Roles in ATRA-Induced Differentiation of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells
GnT-IVa glycosyltransferase is upregulated as APL promyelocytes are driven by ATRA through the myelocyte differentiation program; N-glycan remodelling marks stage progression. PMID 42194104 verified.
An optimized method to differentiate HL60 cells into neutrophil-like cells
Refined DMSO-based protocol for pushing HL60 cells through myelocyte-equivalent stages to neutrophil-like morphology and function; benchmark for in vitro differentiation assays. PMID 42329216 verified.
Neutrophilic differentiation of promyelocytic HL-60 cells is associated with increased expression of terminal galactose residues on the cell surface
As HL60 cells move through the myelocyte-equivalent stage and toward the mature neutrophil, terminal galactose residues rise on the cell surface, marking a glycan remodelling event tied to the maturation program. PMID 42364919 verified.
Single-cell transcriptomics reveal tissue-specific neutrophil heterogeneity and functional reprogramming in autoimmunity
Single-cell RNA-seq maps neutrophil subsets across tissues in autoimmune contexts; immature neutrophil populations including myelocyte-derived precursors show tissue-specific reprogramming. PMID 42784888 verified.
Co-occurrence feature learning for visual recognition of immature leukocytes
Deep learning model using co-occurrence feature maps achieves high accuracy in classifying myelocytes, metamyelocytes, band forms, and other immature leukocytes from peripheral blood smear images. PMID 40461529 verified.
News
All News → Neutrophil maturation holds the secret to human tumor suppression
Commentary framing the myelocyte and metamyelocyte stage as a functionally distinct checkpoint.
Granulopoiesis under attack by mutant IDH1
Editorial comment on how mutant IDH1 disrupts granulopoiesis.
Emergency granulopoiesis and innate immune memory in inflammatory bowel disease
Review linking emergency granulopoiesis to innate immune memory in IBD.
Human immunosuppressive neutrophils: recent answers to old and new questions
Review of human immunosuppressive neutrophils, the thread that includes myelocyte-stage cells in cancer.
The neutrophil life cycle
Review of the active debate on neutrophil kinetics and tissue redistribution, with human and mouse differences.
Signaling
All Signaling → Erythroblast-derived lipid mediators program neutrophil development and function
Lipid mediators made by erythroblasts, the marrow neighbors of the granulocytic series, program neutrophil development.
Hijacking emergency granulopoiesis: neutrophil ontogeny and reprogramming in cancer
Review of how cancer rewires emergency granulopoiesis, including expansion of immature neutrophils.
The Znf711-Phf8 complex functions as a transcriptional rheostat essential for neutrophil development
A Znf711-Phf8 transcriptional complex is required for neutrophil development.
CXCR2 and CXCR4 antagonistically regulate neutrophil trafficking from murine bone marrow
CXCL12 on CXCR4 retains neutrophils in marrow; CXCR2 opposes it; CXCR4 dominates.
G-CSF is an essential regulator of neutrophil trafficking from the bone marrow to the blood
G-CSF drives release indirectly; downregulation of stromal SDF-1 is a candidate signal.
Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency results from a novel mutation with loss of function of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon
C/EBP epsilon is required for the promyelocyte to myelocyte transition.
Medications
All Medications → A Sulfonamide Intermediate Elicits Therapeutic Effect Against Sepsis by Enhancing Neutrophil Maturation
Synthetic sulfonamide intermediate promotes neutrophil maturation and reduces mortality in a sepsis model; the mechanism runs through the myeloid differentiation program.
Profiling of euphane and tirucallane triterpenes from Euphorbia systyloides on antichagasic activity
Triterpenes from Euphorbia systyloides tested for antiparasitic activity; appeared in scan via neutrophil cytotoxicity assay used as a counter-screen. Tangential to myelocyte biology.
Semaglutide-associated agranulocytosis requiring hospitalisation and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: a case report
Single case of agranulocytosis attributed to semaglutide, treated with G-CSF.
Gliovirin-like Alkaloids with Spirocyclic Skeletons from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Penicillium sp.
Spirocyclic alkaloids from a mangrove endophytic fungus tested for cytotoxicity including against myeloid cell lines; appeared via neutrophil assay counter-screen. Tangential to myelocyte biology.
Novel Macrocyclic Peptides as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Human Neutrophil Serine Protease 4
Macrocyclic peptides inhibit NSP4, a serine protease stored in primary (azurophilic) granules of myeloid precursors; potent and selective, with crystal structures solved.
Intraperitoneal G-CSF Stimulation Achieves Human-like Neutrophil Levels in NSG Mice Without Inducing Systemic Inflammation
IP G-CSF drives human-like myeloid expansion in NSG humanised mice without systemic inflammation; supports the G-CSF context state: accelerated transit and pool expansion without a cytokine storm.
Disorders
All Disorders → Bone marrow myeloid skewing and preserved immunoregulation in hip osteoarthritis of elderly patients
Hip osteoarthritis patients show elevated bone marrow myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs, immature myeloid cells including promyelocyte and metamyelocyte-stage cells) relative to femoral fracture controls; MDSCs retain immunoregulatory function despite the inflammatory joint context. PMID 42859337 verified.
High Prevalence of Pseudo-Pelger-Huet Anomaly and Neutrophil Dysplasia in Children with Celiac Disease
Pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly (failure of the nucleus to mature beyond the myelocyte-to-metamyelocyte transition) and other neutrophil dysplasia features are frequent in children with celiac disease; suggests a nutritional or inflammatory block in the myelocyte exit program. PMID 42794178 verified.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in 2026: The Current Landscape and Future Perspectives
Epidemiology and treatment overview. Nothing specific to the myelocyte.
Autoimmune neutropenia in children: Test cells versus beads and a role for pro-LL-37 and absolute neutrophil count
Comparison of cell-based and bead-based anti-neutrophil antibody assays in pediatric autoimmune neutropenia; pro-LL-37 and ANC thresholds help risk-stratify.
Multimodal AI reading of genetic complexity and residual marrow composition in acute promyelocytic leukemia
AI reads genetic complexity and residual marrow composition in acute promyelocytic leukemia, the leukemia arrested at the myelocyte's parent stage.
Mutant IDH1 blocks neutropoiesis by repressing myeloid progenitor programs
IDH1-R132H mutation represses myeloid progenitor transcriptional programs and blocks differentiation through the myelocyte stage; mechanism: 2-HG-driven epigenetic silencing of C/EBPalpha targets.
Substances tested 8
All substances →Filgrastim (recombinant human methionyl G-CSF) recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
acts on G-CSF receptor (CSF3R) on the granulocytic series from myeloblast onward
In chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia, filgrastim reduced the median days of neutropenia from 4.0 to 3.0 (neutrophil count under 0.5 x 10^9/L, p = 0.005) and time to resolution of febrile neutropenia from 6.0 to 5.0 days (p = 0.01). Days of fever were unchanged at 3.0 in both arms. Risk of hospitalisation beyond 11 days was halved (relative risk 2.1, 95 percent CI 1.1 to 4.1, p = 0.02).
G-CSF (endogenous, gene knockout) endogenous haematopoietic cytokine
acts on G-CSF receptor (CSF3R)
Mice lacking G-CSF have chronic neutropenia with blood neutrophils at 20 to 30 percent of wild type, granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cell deficiency, and impaired neutrophil mobilisation. Marrow granulopoietic precursors, the pool that contains the myelocyte, fall by about 50 percent.
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA, tretinoin) retinoid, differentiation agent
acts on retinoic acid receptor alpha; in acute promyelocytic leukemia the PML-RARalpha fusion that arrests maturation at the promyelocyte, the myelocyte's parent stage
All 24 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia attained complete remission without marrow hypoplasia. In marrow suspension culture 14 of 15 tested patients showed morphological maturation in response to retinoic acid at 1 micromol/L; chloroacetate esterase and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase staining and electron microscopy confirmed differentiation to granulocytes with functional maturation by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. Side effects were mild dryness of lips and skin with occasional headache and digestive symptoms. Eight patients relapsed after 2 to 5 months.
Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C, cytarabine), low dose antimetabolite, pyrimidine nucleoside analogue
acts on DNA synthesis in dividing marrow precursors; the myelocyte is in the mitotic pool and is therefore a target
The single patient in the series who did not respond to retinoic acid in vitro and was resistant to retinoic acid treatment attained complete remission after low-dose cytosine arabinoside was added. Reported as a single case within the ATRA series.
CysLTR1 antagonists (clinically available leukotriene receptor blockers) cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 antagonist
acts on CysLTR1, induced downstream of STAT3 on tumour-promoting myeloid progenitors
Genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of CysLTR1 diminished tumour growth with enhanced antitumour immunity. The antitumour effect ran through transcriptomic rewiring of granulopoiesis and reprogramming of neutrophils toward an antitumour phenotype, requiring MXD1 and NFE2 to direct myeloid progenitor commitment and differentiation with controlled de novo synthesis of granule cargoes. Targeting CysLTR1 overcame resistance to anti-PD1 in multiple mouse tumour models.
Semaglutide GLP-1 receptor agonist
acts on no myelocyte target identified; the association is clinical, not mechanistic
Agranulocytosis requiring hospitalisation was attributed to semaglutide in a single patient and treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. No mechanism at the level of the granulocytic precursor is established by this report.
Public datasets 5
Gene expression of human bone marrow granulocytic differentiation stages
GSE294330 non-coding RNA profiling and expression profiling by high throughput sequencing Homo sapiens
A molecular atlas of human granulopoiesis
Orchestrated intron retention regulates normal granulocyte differentiation [RNA-Seq]
Defective SEC61α1 underlies a novel cause of autosomal dominant severe congenital neutropenia
Granulocytic nuclear lobation.
Gallery
Full gallery →History of Discovery
Year 1961 · Claim Athens and colleagues measured the total blood, circulating, and marginal granulocyte pools and the granulocyte turnover rate in normal humans.
Year 1971 · Claim Bainton, Ullyot, and Farquhar used electron microscopy to show that azurophil granules are made only at the promyelocyte stage and specific granules from the myelocyte stage onward, grounding the cytological staging in ultrastructure.
Year 1976 · Claim Dancey, Deubelbeiss, Harker, and Finch measured marrow neutrophil pools, transit time, and daily production in 13 normal humans with 3H-thymidine labeling.
Year 1994 · Claim Mice lacking G-CSF were shown to have chronic neutropenia with granulopoietic precursors reduced by 50 percent in marrow.
Year 1999 · Claim A loss-of-function mutation in C/EBP epsilon was found to cause neutrophil-specific granule deficiency, establishing that factor as required for the promyelocyte to myelocyte transition.
Year 2010 · Claim In vivo 2H2O labeling gave an average circulating human neutrophil lifespan of 5.4 days, at least 10 times longer than earlier estimates.
Year 2018 · Claim Mass cytometry of mouse marrow separated a proliferative neutrophil precursor (preNeu) from non-proliferating immature and mature neutrophils.
Year 2025 · Claim Human myelocyte and metamyelocyte-stage neutrophils were shown to suppress tumor immunity and promote cancer progression.
Year 2026 · Claim In situ labeling of human marrow precursors described a conveyor belt differentiation trajectory and challenged the textbook view of which stages divide.
Function
The myelocyte belongs to the mitotic marrow pool together with the promyelocyte; that pool held 2.11 x 10^9 cells/kg in normal humans.
The myelocyte stage is where specific (secondary) granules are first made; granule formation is intimately connected to neutrophil maturation in marrow.
Proteins are sorted into the granule subset being formed at the time of their synthesis, so the stage at which a protein is made decides which granule stores it.
Human myelocyte and metamyelocyte-stage neutrophils suppress tumor immunity and promote cancer progression.
Whether the myelocyte still divides is disputed: the textbook places it as the last mitotic stage, and a 2026 in situ labeling study revises the trajectory. THIN: single study against long-standing consensus.
The Family Tree
Stage Promyelocyte · Parent Myeloblast · Defining feature Sole producer of azurophil (primary) granules
Stage Myelocyte · Parent Promyelocyte · Defining feature Specific (secondary) granules appear; azurophil granule production has stopped
Stage Metamyelocyte · Parent Myelocyte · Defining feature First stage of the postmitotic pool
Stage Band · Parent Metamyelocyte · Defining feature Postmitotic pool
Stage Segmented neutrophil · Parent Band · Defining feature Postmitotic pool; released to blood
Stage preNeu (mouse) · Parent GMP · Defining feature Committed proliferative neutrophil precursor; requires C/EBP epsilon to arise from the GMP
Structure and Granules
Azurophil granules are formed only at the promyelocyte stage; specific granules are formed from the myelocyte stage onward.
Neutrophil granules are traditionally divided into azurophil granules, specific granules, and gelatinase granules, in addition to secretory vesicles.
Loss of C/EBP epsilon removes neutrophil secondary granule proteins in both the knockout mouse and human specific granule deficiency.
C/EBP epsilon is preferentially up-regulated during granulocytic differentiation.
Terminal granulocytic differentiation follows a defined transcriptional program across the promyelocyte, myelocyte, and later stages.
Alpha1-acid glycoprotein is synthesized in myelocytes and stored in secondary granules.
Development and Kinetics
Total marrow neutrophils in normal humans: 7.70 +/- 1.20 x 10^9 cells/kg.
Mitotic pool (promyelocytes plus myelocytes): 2.11 +/- 0.36 x 10^9 cells/kg, about 27 percent of marrow neutrophils.
Postmitotic pool (metamyelocytes, bands, segmented forms): 5.59 +/- 0.90 x 10^9 cells/kg, with a transit time of 6.60 +/- 0.03 days.
Marrow neutrophil production: 0.85 x 10^9 cells/kg per day; effective production by circulating label turnover: 0.87 +/- 0.13 x 10^9 cells/kg per day.
Normal neutrophil to erythroid ratio in marrow sections: 1.5 +/- 0.07 (13 subjects).
In 236 healthy marrow donors, granulopoiesis made up about 50 percent and erythroblasts about 32 percent of the differential, with substantial variability between experienced observers for single-cell calls.
Circulating neutrophil lifespan by in vivo 2H2O labeling: 5.4 days on average.
Neutrophil life cycle kinetics and tissue redistribution remain actively debated, with differences between humans and model organisms.
Signaling
G-CSF is required for normal steady-state granulopoiesis; G-CSF-deficient mice have blood neutrophils at 20 to 30 percent of wild type.
G-CSF regulates neutrophil release from marrow indirectly, and downregulation of stromal SDF-1 (CXCL12) is a candidate trans-acting signal.
Stromal CXCL12 acting on CXCR4 retains neutrophils in marrow; CXCR2 signaling opposes it, and CXCR4 is dominant.
C/EBP epsilon is required for the promyelocyte to myelocyte transition.
Cancer can hijack emergency granulopoiesis and reprogram neutrophil ontogeny.
The Znf711-Phf8 complex acts as a transcriptional rheostat essential for neutrophil development.
Lipid mediators made by erythroblasts program neutrophil development and function, a signal between neighboring marrow lineages.
G-CSF released from inflamed skin activates pathological granulopoiesis in psoriasis.
Organ: The Granulocytic Niche and Postmitotic Pool
Claim Total marrow neutrophil pool in normal humans: 7.70 +/- 1.20 x 10^9 cells/kg; postmitotic pool (metamyelocytes, bands, segmented forms) 5.59 +/- 0.90 x 10^9 cells/kg, transit time 6.60 +/- 0.03 days. · Species human
Claim Myelocytes and promyelocytes together form the mitotic pool at 2.11 +/- 0.36 x 10^9 cells/kg, about 27 percent of total marrow neutrophils; marrow daily output 0.85 x 10^9 cells/kg. · Species human
Claim Stable isotope (2H2O) labeling gives a mean blood neutrophil half-life of about 19 hours in healthy humans, supporting a short circulating lifespan. · Species human
Claim G-CSF-deficient mice have chronic neutropenia with blood neutrophils at 20 to 30 percent of wild type and a 50 percent reduction in marrow granulopoietic progenitors. · Species mouse
Claim G-CSF mobilises neutrophils from marrow in part by suppressing stromal SDF-1 (CXCL12) expression, reducing CXCR4-mediated retention. · Species human, mouse
Claim CXCR2 and CXCR4 antagonistically control neutrophil egress: CXCR4 retains cells in marrow; CXCR2 promotes release; CXCR4 is dominant and CXCR2 antagonism can override G-CSF-induced mobilisation. · Species mouse
Claim G-CSF accelerates granulopoietic transit, raising blood neutrophil count 5 to 10 fold; a cell kinetics model quantifies the stage-specific effects. · Species human (model)
Molecules: Transcription Factors and Specific Granule Proteins
Claim C/EBP epsilon is preferentially up-regulated during granulocytic differentiation; alternative promoter use and differential splicing determine its functional versatility. · Species human, mouse
Claim Loss of C/EBP epsilon function causes neutrophil-specific granule deficiency with recurrent pyogenic infections and absent secondary granule proteins; establishes C/EBP epsilon as required for the promyelocyte to myelocyte transition. · Species human
Claim Terminal granulocytic differentiation follows a defined transcriptional program; proteomic profiling across promyelocyte, myelocyte, and later stages maps how granule protein content changes at each step. · Species human
Claim Neutrophil granules are traditionally divided into azurophil granules, specific granules, and gelatinase granules, plus secretory vesicles; proteins are sorted into the granule subset being made at the time of their synthesis. · Species human
Claim Alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is highly glycosylated, synthesized in myelocytes, stored in secondary granules, and released by activated neutrophils; one of the first molecules mapped to the myelocyte-specific granule program. · Species human
Claim Lactoferrin is a specific (secondary) granule protein whose expression begins at the myelocyte stage under the transcriptional control of C/EBP epsilon; its absence is a diagnostic marker of specific granule deficiency. · Species human
Disorders
Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency: recurrent pyogenic infections and absent secondary granule proteins, caused by loss of C/EBP epsilon function.
Cyclic neutropenia: marrow output oscillates with 21-day periodicity, caused by mutations in ELA2 (neutrophil elastase).
Acute myeloid leukemia is classified under the 5th edition WHO classification of myeloid neoplasms.
Differentiation therapy in AML aims to push arrested leukemic cells past the maturation block.
Left shift: band count of 20 percent or more had 53 percent sensitivity and 79 percent specificity for infectious disease; diagnostic value is limited.
Serial immature granulocyte trajectories after hemadsorption associate with immune dysregulation and mortality.
Immature granulocyte count predicts complicated acute appendicitis.
In multiple myeloma, the pro-tumor shift is placed at the mature neutrophil (CD83+) rather than the precursor stages.
Pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly and neutrophil dysplasia are frequent in children with celiac disease, suggesting a nutritional or inflammatory block in the myelocyte exit program.
HAX1 deficiency blocks granulopoiesis at the promyelocyte-to-myelocyte transition by impairing lipid droplet autophagy and fatty acid uptake; in vitro Kostmann disease model.
Hip osteoarthritis patients show elevated bone marrow myeloid-derived suppressor cells (immature myeloid cells, including promyelocyte and metamyelocyte-stage cells) compared to femoral fracture controls; these MDSCs retain immunoregulatory activity despite the inflammatory joint context.
Pharmacology
Plerixafor (AMD3100), a CXCR4 antagonist, corrects myelokathexis in WHIM syndrome and is non-inferior to G-CSF for raising blood neutrophil counts in a phase III crossover trial; confirms the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis retains mature neutrophils downstream of the myelocyte pool.
Chronic lithium carbonate therapy increases peripheral neutrophil count and plasma PMN-elastase in humans; a granulopoiesis-stimulating effect, likely through G-CSF induction.
Cytotoxic chemotherapy ablates the myelocyte-stage mitotic pool; in a randomized trial GM-CSF abolished chemotherapy-induced aplasia, with the neutrophil nadir occurring around day 10-14 in controls.
Pegfilgrastim (PEGylated G-CSF) has receptor-mediated, neutrophil-driven clearance; its half-life self-regulates -- longer during neutropenia (few receptors), shorter as counts recover -- allowing a single injection per chemotherapy cycle.
Pharmacological glucocorticosteroids cause neutrophilic leukocytosis by demargination, accelerated release of postmitotic marrow neutrophils, and reduced tissue egress; myelocyte production is not increased.
Gain-of-function truncation mutations in CSF3R (G-CSF receptor) cause chronic neutrophilic leukemia with constitutively activated granulopoiesis; membrane-proximal mutations respond to JAK inhibitors, distal truncations to SRC/JAK inhibitors.
Methods
Electron microscopy with peroxidase cytochemistry separates azurophil from specific granules by stage.
Marrow neutrophil cellularity can be measured from marrow sections with maturational categories confirmed by 3H-thymidine autoradiography.
Mass cytometry with cell-cycle analysis resolves proliferating and non-proliferating neutrophil precursor populations.
A single-cell transcriptional atlas of human hematopoiesis maps normal differentiation against AML.
HemaScribe and HemaScape quantify emergency myelopoiesis at single-cell resolution.
Manual marrow differentials show greater interobserver agreement for lineage than for single maturation stage.
Deep learning with co-occurrence feature maps classifies myelocytes, metamyelocytes, and band forms from peripheral blood smear images.
HL60 cells driven through the myelocyte-equivalent stage by DMSO or dimethylformamide recapitulate neutrophil-like morphology and function; DMF and DMSO produce distinct proteomic profiles.
Optimized DMSO differentiation of HL60 cells produces neutrophil-like cells with improved functional output compared to prior protocols.
Terminal galactose residues on the cell surface increase as HL60 cells move through the myelocyte-equivalent stage under differentiation; a glycan marker of stage progression.
GnT-IVa glycosyltransferase is upregulated as ATRA drives APL promyelocytes through the myelocyte differentiation program; N-glycan remodelling marks stage transitions.
In vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models for studying neutrophil biology span HL60, iPSC-derived cells, and animal models; each recapitulates different maturation stages.
Lineage
- CFU-GEMM committed progenitor; diverges into granulocytic and monocytic lines
- Myeloblast first recognizable stage; myeloperoxidase switches on
- Promyelocyte largest cell in the series; sole manufacturer of primary (azurophilic) granules; nucleoli visible
- Myelocyte DISPUTED secondary granules appear; last mitotic stage (textbook)
- Metamyelocyte kidney-shaped nucleus; first postmitotic stage; tumor-immunosuppressive in human cancer
- Band (Stab) C/S-shaped nucleus; no filament thinner than widest nuclear diameter
- Segmented Neutrophil 2-5 lobes connected by thin chromatin filaments; mature end stage
- Eosinophilic Myelocyte diverges at the myelocyte stage when eosinophil-specific secondary granules are laid down sourcing pending
- Basophilic Myelocyte diverges at the myelocyte stage when basophil-specific secondary granules are laid down sourcing pending
- Monoblast monocytic line, owned by Phago
Latest 8
Bone marrow myeloid skewing and preserved immunoregulation in hip osteoarthritis of elderly patients
Hip osteoarthritis patients show elevated bone marrow myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs, immature myeloid cells including promyelocyte and metamyelocyte-stage cells) relative to femoral fracture controls; MDSCs retain immunoregulatory function despite the inflammatory joint context. PMID 42859337 verified.
Granulocyte differentiation arrest in HAX1-deficient cells, demonstrated in a new in vitro model of Kostmann disease, is caused by ineffective lipid droplet autophagy and fatty acids uptake
HAX1 deficiency blocks granulopoiesis at the promyelocyte-to-myelocyte transition by impairing lipid droplet autophagy and fatty acid uptake; in vitro Kostmann disease model. PMID 42086536 verified.
Upregulation of GnT-IVa and Its Critical Roles in ATRA-Induced Differentiation of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells
GnT-IVa glycosyltransferase is upregulated as APL promyelocytes are driven by ATRA through the myelocyte differentiation program; N-glycan remodelling marks stage progression. PMID 42194104 verified.
An optimized method to differentiate HL60 cells into neutrophil-like cells
Refined DMSO-based protocol for pushing HL60 cells through myelocyte-equivalent stages to neutrophil-like morphology and function; benchmark for in vitro differentiation assays. PMID 42329216 verified.
Neutrophilic differentiation of promyelocytic HL-60 cells is associated with increased expression of terminal galactose residues on the cell surface
As HL60 cells move through the myelocyte-equivalent stage and toward the mature neutrophil, terminal galactose residues rise on the cell surface, marking a glycan remodelling event tied to the maturation program. PMID 42364919 verified.
Single-cell transcriptomics reveal tissue-specific neutrophil heterogeneity and functional reprogramming in autoimmunity
Single-cell RNA-seq maps neutrophil subsets across tissues in autoimmune contexts; immature neutrophil populations including myelocyte-derived precursors show tissue-specific reprogramming. PMID 42784888 verified.
High Prevalence of Pseudo-Pelger-Huet Anomaly and Neutrophil Dysplasia in Children with Celiac Disease
Pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly (failure of the nucleus to mature beyond the myelocyte-to-metamyelocyte transition) and other neutrophil dysplasia features are frequent in children with celiac disease; suggests a nutritional or inflammatory block in the myelocyte exit program. PMID 42794178 verified.
Co-occurrence feature learning for visual recognition of immature leukocytes
Deep learning model using co-occurrence feature maps achieves high accuracy in classifying myelocytes, metamyelocytes, band forms, and other immature leukocytes from peripheral blood smear images. PMID 40461529 verified.